#include "graphics/guest_gpu/gpu_defs.h"
#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/BindingLayout.h"
#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/ResourceMaterialization.h"
#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/ResourceTracking.h"
#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/ScalarProvenance.h"
#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/ShaderInfoCollection.h"
#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/SrtPatcher.h"
#include "graphics/shader/recompiler/ir/SrtWalker.h"
#include "graphics/shader/shaderBindings.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>

namespace {

using namespace Libs::Graphics::ShaderRecompiler::IR;
using Libs::Graphics::ShaderComputeInputInfo;
using Libs::Graphics::ShaderPixelInputInfo;
using Libs::Graphics::ShaderTextureResource;
using Libs::Graphics::ShaderType;
using Libs::Graphics::ShaderVertexInputInfo;
namespace Prospero = Libs::Graphics::Prospero;
namespace Decoder  = Libs::Graphics::ShaderRecompiler::Decoder;

void Check(bool condition, const char* message) {
	if (!condition) {
		throw std::runtime_error(message);
	}
}

Operand Sgpr(uint32_t reg) {
	Operand operand;
	operand.kind      = OperandKind::Register;
	operand.reg.file  = RegisterFile::Scalar;
	operand.reg.index = reg;
	return operand;
}

Operand Imm(uint32_t value) {
	Operand operand;
	operand.kind = OperandKind::ImmediateU32;
	operand.imm  = value;
	return operand;
}

Instruction Move(uint32_t pc, uint32_t dst, uint32_t src) {
	Instruction inst;
	inst.pc        = pc;
	inst.op        = Opcode::MoveU32;
	inst.dst       = Sgpr(dst);
	inst.src[0]    = Sgpr(src);
	inst.src_count = 1;
	return inst;
}

Instruction MoveImmediate(uint32_t pc, uint32_t dst, uint32_t value) {
	auto inst   = Move(pc, dst, 0);
	inst.src[0] = Imm(value);
	return inst;
}

Instruction BufferUse(uint32_t pc, uint32_t base, Opcode op = Opcode::BufferLoadDword) {
	Instruction inst;
	inst.pc              = pc;
	inst.op              = op;
	inst.memory.kind     = ResourceKind::Buffer;
	inst.memory.resource = base / 4;
	return inst;
}

Instruction ImageUse(uint32_t pc, Opcode op, ResourceKind kind, Decoder::ImageDimension dimension,
                     uint32_t resource = 0, uint32_t sampler = 2) {
	Instruction inst;
	inst.pc                     = pc;
	inst.op                     = op;
	inst.memory.kind            = kind;
	inst.memory.resource        = resource;
	inst.memory.sampler         = sampler;
	inst.memory.image_dimension = dimension;
	return inst;
}

Instruction ScalarLoad(uint32_t pc, uint32_t dst, uint32_t base, uint32_t offset) {
	Instruction inst;
	inst.pc              = pc;
	inst.op              = Opcode::SLoadDword;
	inst.dst             = Sgpr(dst);
	inst.memory.kind     = ResourceKind::ScalarBuffer;
	inst.memory.resource = base;
	inst.memory.offset   = offset;
	return inst;
}

Instruction ScalarBufferLoad(uint32_t pc, uint32_t dst, uint32_t descriptor, uint32_t offset) {
	auto inst            = ScalarLoad(pc, dst, descriptor * 4, offset);
	inst.op              = Opcode::SBufferLoadDword;
	inst.memory.resource = descriptor;
	return inst;
}

void MakeScalarMemoryGroup(std::vector<Instruction>* instructions) {
	const auto count = static_cast<uint32_t>(instructions->size());
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		(*instructions)[i].memory.component_index = i;
		(*instructions)[i].memory.component_count = count;
	}
}

Instruction Export(uint32_t pc, ExportTargetKind kind, uint32_t index = 0, uint32_t en = 0xf) {
	Instruction inst;
	inst.pc                = pc;
	inst.op                = Opcode::Export;
	inst.export_info.kind  = kind;
	inst.export_info.index = index;
	inst.export_info.en    = en;
	return inst;
}

struct TestMemory {
	uint64_t                base = 0x1000;
	std::array<uint32_t, 8> words {};
	uint32_t                reads      = 0;
	uint32_t                fail_after = UINT32_MAX;
};

bool ReadTestMemory(void* userdata, uint64_t address, uint32_t* value) {
	auto* memory = static_cast<TestMemory*>(userdata);
	if (memory == nullptr || value == nullptr || address < memory->base ||
	    address - memory->base >= memory->words.size() * sizeof(uint32_t) ||
	    memory->reads >= memory->fail_after) {
		return false;
	}
	const auto index = static_cast<size_t>((address - memory->base) / sizeof(uint32_t));
	*value           = memory->words[index];
	memory->reads++;
	return true;
}

const StageInput* FindInput(const ShaderInfo& info, StageInputKind kind, uint32_t location = 0) {
	for (const auto& input: info.inputs) {
		if (input.kind == kind && input.location == location) {
			return &input;
		}
	}
	return nullptr;
}

const StageOutput* FindOutput(const ShaderInfo& info, StageOutputKind kind, uint32_t index = 0) {
	for (const auto& output: info.outputs) {
		if (output.kind == kind && output.index == index) {
			return &output;
		}
	}
	return nullptr;
}

void Prepare(Program& program) {
	std::string error;
	if (!BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) || !BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) ||
	    !PatchSrtReads(program, &error) || !TrackResources(program, &error)) {
		throw std::runtime_error(error);
	}
}

void TestDenseBufferPatching() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto first             = BufferUse(4, 0);
	first.memory.offset    = 4;
	first.memory.formatted = true;
	auto write             = BufferUse(8, 0, Opcode::BufferStoreDword);
	write.memory.offset    = 12;
	auto  atomic           = BufferUse(10, 0, Opcode::AtomicAddU32);
	auto& insts            = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	insts                  = {first,           atomic,          write,           Move(12, 4, 20),
	                          Move(16, 5, 21), Move(20, 6, 22), Move(24, 7, 23), BufferUse(28, 4)};

	Prepare(program);
	Check(program.info.buffers.size() == 2, "buffer sources were not densely deduplicated");
	const auto& resource = program.info.buffers[0];
	Check(resource.read && resource.written && resource.atomic && resource.formatted &&
	          resource.max_byte_extent == 16 && resource.first_use_pc == 4,
	      "buffer access facts were not merged");
	Check(insts[0].memory.resource == 0 && insts[1].memory.resource == 0 &&
	          insts[2].memory.resource == 0 && insts[7].memory.resource == 1,
	      "buffer operands were not patched to dense indices");
	Check(insts[0].memory.resource_source == ScalarProvenance::Undefined &&
	          insts[7].memory.resource_source == ScalarProvenance::Undefined,
	      "patched instructions retained duplicate descriptor source handles");
	std::string error;
	Check(!TrackResources(program, &error) && error.find("already tracked") != std::string::npos,
	      "resource tracking was not guarded against a second patch pass");
}

void TestScalarAndVectorBufferAlias() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	Instruction scalar;
	scalar.pc                      = 4;
	scalar.op                      = Opcode::SBufferLoadDword;
	scalar.dst                     = Sgpr(20);
	scalar.src[0]                  = Imm(0);
	scalar.src_count               = 1;
	scalar.memory.kind             = ResourceKind::ScalarBuffer;
	scalar.memory.resource         = 2;
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {scalar, BufferUse(8, 8)};

	Prepare(program);
	Check(program.info.buffers.size() == 1 && program.info.buffers[0].scalar,
	      "scalar and vector uses of one descriptor were split");
	Check(program.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory.resource == 0 &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[1].memory.resource == 0,
	      "scalar/vector alias did not share one dense index");
}

void TestBufferImageAliasIsLinkedDuringTracking() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {
	    BufferUse(4, 0), BufferUse(8, 8),
	    ImageUse(12, Opcode::ImageLoad, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D)};

	Prepare(program);
	Check(program.info.buffers.size() == 2 && program.info.images.size() == 1 &&
	          program.info.buffers[0].image_alias == 0 &&
	          program.info.buffers[1].image_alias == BufferResource::NoImageAlias,
	      "buffer/image descriptor provenance aliases were not linked during "
	      "tracking");
}

void TestImagesAndSamplers() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto sample0 =
	    ImageUse(4, Opcode::ImageSample, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D);
	auto sample1 =
	    ImageUse(8, Opcode::ImageSample, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D);
	auto volume =
	    ImageUse(12, Opcode::ImageSample, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim3D);
	auto compare =
	    ImageUse(16, Opcode::ImageSample, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D);
	compare.memory.image_sample_flags = Decoder::ImageSampleFlagCompare;
	auto storage                      = ImageUse(20, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImage,
	                                             Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D);
	auto storage_mip                  = storage;
	storage_mip.pc                    = 24;
	storage_mip.memory.image_has_mip  = true;
	auto atomic = ImageUse(28, Opcode::AtomicAddU32, ResourceKind::StorageImageUint,
	                       Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D);
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {sample0, sample1,     volume, compare,
	                                  storage, storage_mip, atomic};

	Prepare(program);
	Check(program.info.images.size() == 6 && program.info.samplers.size() == 1 &&
	          program.info.sampled_pairs.size() == 3,
	      "image view classes or samplers were deduplicated incorrectly");
	const auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	Check(insts[0].memory.resource == 0 && insts[1].memory.resource == 0 &&
	          insts[2].memory.resource == 1 && insts[3].memory.resource == 2 &&
	          insts[4].memory.resource == 3 && insts[5].memory.resource == 4 &&
	          insts[6].memory.resource == 5 && insts[0].memory.sampler == 0 &&
	          insts[2].memory.sampler == 0,
	      "image/sampler operands were not patched to dense list indices");
	Check(program.info.images[0].read && !program.info.images[0].written &&
	          program.info.images[2].depth_compare && program.info.images[3].written &&
	          program.info.images[4].mip_mode == ImageMipMode::DynamicStorage &&
	          program.info.images[5].atomic &&
	          program.info.sampled_pairs[0].sampler == program.info.sampled_pairs[1].sampler,
	      "image access facts were wrong");
}

void TestDynamicPhiResource() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(4);
	program.blocks[0].successors   = {1, 2};
	program.blocks[1].predecessors = {0};
	program.blocks[1].successors   = {3};
	program.blocks[2].predecessors = {0};
	program.blocks[2].successors   = {3};
	program.blocks[3].predecessors = {1, 2};
	Instruction left;
	left.op                        = Opcode::MoveU32;
	left.dst                       = Sgpr(0);
	left.src[0]                    = Imm(1);
	left.src_count                 = 1;
	Instruction right              = left;
	right.pc                       = 4;
	right.src[0]                   = Imm(2);
	program.blocks[1].instructions = {left};
	program.blocks[2].instructions = {right};
	program.blocks[3].instructions = {BufferUse(8, 0)};

	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(program, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	const auto original_source = program.blocks[3].instructions[0].memory.resource_source;
	Check(!TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          error.find("unsupported GPU selection") != std::string::npos &&
	          program.blocks[3].instructions[0].memory.resource_source == original_source &&
	          !program.resource_tracking_complete,
	      "control-flow descriptor was patched without an executable GPU selector");
}

void TestTrackingRequiresCompletedSrtPlan() {
	Program program;
	program.stage       = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.shader_hash = 0x8899;
	program.blocks.resize(4);
	program.blocks[0].successors   = {1, 2};
	program.blocks[1].predecessors = {0};
	program.blocks[1].successors   = {3};
	program.blocks[2].predecessors = {0};
	program.blocks[2].successors   = {3};
	program.blocks[3].predecessors = {1, 2};
	program.blocks[1].instructions = {MoveImmediate(0, 0, 1)};
	program.blocks[2].instructions = {MoveImmediate(4, 0, 2)};
	program.blocks[3].instructions = {BufferUse(8, 0)};

	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error), error.c_str());
	Check(!program.srt_plan_complete, "provenance unexpectedly marked the SRT plan complete");
	const auto     original_source = program.blocks[3].instructions[0].memory.resource_source;
	BufferResource existing_info;
	existing_info.source = 777;
	program.info.buffers.push_back(existing_info);
	Check(!TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          error.find("SRT plan is not ready") != std::string::npos &&
	          program.blocks[3].instructions[0].memory.resource == 0 &&
	          program.blocks[3].instructions[0].memory.resource_source == original_source &&
	          program.info.buffers.size() == 1 && program.info.buffers[0].source == 777 &&
	          !program.resource_tracking_complete,
	      "tracking bypassed the SRT-plan readiness invariant or partially "
	      "patched the program");
}

void TestCyclicResourceIsRejected() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(2);
	program.blocks[0].successors   = {1};
	program.blocks[1].predecessors = {0, 1};
	program.blocks[1].successors   = {1};
	Instruction increment;
	increment.op                   = Opcode::IAddU32;
	increment.dst                  = Sgpr(0);
	increment.src[0]               = Sgpr(0);
	increment.src[1]               = Imm(1);
	increment.src_count            = 2;
	program.blocks[1].instructions = {BufferUse(4, 0), increment};
	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(program, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	Check(!TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          error.find("unsupported GPU selection") != std::string::npos &&
	          !program.resource_tracking_complete,
	      "cyclic descriptor was patched without a bindless/direct path");
}

void TestUnknownSourceFailsWithoutPatching() {
	Program program;
	program.stage       = ShaderType::Pixel;
	program.shader_hash = 0x12345678;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto        valid = BufferUse(4, 0);
	Instruction unsupported;
	unsupported.op                 = Opcode::SelectU32;
	unsupported.dst                = Sgpr(4);
	unsupported.src[0]             = Sgpr(20);
	unsupported.src_count          = 1;
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {valid, unsupported, BufferUse(0x44, 4)};

	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(program, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	BufferResource existing_info;
	existing_info.source = 777;
	program.info.buffers.push_back(existing_info);
	Check(!TrackResources(program, &error), "unknown descriptor unexpectedly tracked");
	Check(error.find("hash=0x0000000012345678") != std::string::npos &&
	          error.find("stage=pixel") != std::string::npos &&
	          error.find("pc=0x00000044") != std::string::npos &&
	          error.find("unknown value") != std::string::npos,
	      "unknown descriptor error lost shader context");
	Check(!program.resource_tracking_complete && program.info.buffers.size() == 1 &&
	          program.info.buffers[0].source == 777 &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory.resource == 0 &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory.resource_source !=
	              ScalarProvenance::Undefined &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[2].memory.resource == 1 &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[2].memory.resource_source !=
	              ScalarProvenance::Undefined,
	      "failed tracking partially patched the program");
}

void TestResourceLimitFailsTransactionally() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i <= ShaderInfo::MaxBuffers; i++) {
		insts.push_back(MoveImmediate(i * 8, 0, i));
		insts.push_back(BufferUse(i * 8 + 4, 0));
	}
	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(program, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	const auto first_source = insts[1].memory.resource_source;
	Check(!TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          error.find("buffer resource limit exceeded") != std::string::npos &&
	          insts[1].memory.resource_source == first_source && program.info.buffers.empty() &&
	          !program.resource_tracking_complete,
	      "resource limit failure partially patched the program");
}

void TestComputeShaderInfoCollection() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	Instruction add_tid;
	add_tid.op                     = Opcode::DsReadAddtidB32;
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {add_tid, BufferUse(4, 0)};
	Prepare(program);
	const auto buffers  = program.info.buffers;
	const auto images   = program.info.images;
	const auto samplers = program.info.samplers;
	const auto pairs    = program.info.sampled_pairs;

	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.group_id[1]                = true;
	compute.dispatch_thread_dimensions = true;
	std::string error;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error), error.c_str());
	Check(program.shader_info_complete && program.info.inputs.size() == 3 &&
	          FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::WorkgroupId) != nullptr &&
	          FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::LocalInvocationId) == nullptr &&
	          FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::LocalInvocationIndex) != nullptr &&
	          FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::GlobalInvocationId) != nullptr &&
	          program.info.buffers == buffers && program.info.images == images &&
	          program.info.samplers == samplers && program.info.sampled_pairs == pairs,
	      "compute addtid input discovery or resource preservation was wrong");

	Program metadata_program;
	metadata_program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	metadata_program.blocks.resize(1);
	Instruction xor_address;
	xor_address.op                          = Opcode::BitwiseXor3U32;
	metadata_program.blocks[0].instructions = {xor_address};
	Prepare(metadata_program);
	compute                = {};
	compute.thread_ids_num = 2;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(metadata_program, {.compute = &compute}, &error), error.c_str());
	Check(FindInput(metadata_program.info, StageInputKind::LocalInvocationId) != nullptr &&
	          FindInput(metadata_program.info, StageInputKind::LocalInvocationIndex) != nullptr &&
	          metadata_program.info.has_bitwise_xor,
	      "compute thread metadata or XOR-address heuristic was not collected");
}

void TestVertexShaderInfoCollection() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Vertex;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	Instruction attr0;
	attr0.op                       = Opcode::LoadInputF32;
	attr0.input_info.attr          = 0;
	attr0.input_info.chan          = 2;
	Instruction attr2              = attr0;
	attr2.input_info.attr          = 2;
	attr2.input_info.chan          = 0;
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {attr0, attr2, Export(8, ExportTargetKind::Position),
	                                  Export(12, ExportTargetKind::Parameter, 2)};
	Prepare(program);

	ShaderVertexInputInfo vertex;
	vertex.resources_num = 3;
	std::string error;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(program, {.vertex = &vertex}, &error), error.c_str());
	const auto* input0 = FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::Parameter, 0);
	const auto* input2 = FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::Parameter, 2);
	Check(program.info.inputs.size() == 4 && input0 != nullptr && input0->component_count == 3 &&
	          input2 != nullptr && input2->component_count == 1 &&
	          FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::VertexIndex) != nullptr &&
	          FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::InstanceIndex) != nullptr &&
	          FindOutput(program.info, StageOutputKind::Position) != nullptr &&
	          FindOutput(program.info, StageOutputKind::Parameter, 2) != nullptr,
	      "vertex inputs or exports were not collected from lowered IR");

	const auto info               = program.info;
	const auto resources_complete = program.resource_tracking_complete;
	const auto srt_complete       = program.srt_plan_complete;
	const auto patching_complete  = program.srt_patching_complete;
	Check(!CollectShaderInfo(program, {.vertex = &vertex}, &error) &&
	          error.find("already collected") != std::string::npos && program.info == info &&
	          program.shader_info_complete &&
	          program.resource_tracking_complete == resources_complete &&
	          program.srt_plan_complete == srt_complete &&
	          program.srt_patching_complete == patching_complete,
	      "repeated shader info collection mutated the immutable interface");
}

void TestPixelShaderInfoCollection() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Pixel;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {
	    Export(4, ExportTargetKind::Mrt, 3), Export(8, ExportTargetKind::MrtZ, 0, 0x4),
	    Export(12, ExportTargetKind::Mrt, 3), Export(16, ExportTargetKind::Mrt, 7, 0)};
	Prepare(program);

	ShaderPixelInputInfo pixel;
	pixel.ps_pos_x                     = true;
	pixel.ps_front_face                = true;
	pixel.input_num                    = 2;
	pixel.ps_depth_export_enable       = true;
	pixel.ps_sample_mask_export_enable = true;
	std::string error;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(program, {.pixel = &pixel}, &error), error.c_str());
	Check(program.info.inputs.size() == 4 &&
	          FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::FragCoord) != nullptr &&
	          FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::FrontFacing) != nullptr &&
	          FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::Parameter, 0) != nullptr &&
	          FindInput(program.info, StageInputKind::Parameter, 1) != nullptr &&
	          program.info.outputs.size() == 2 &&
	          FindOutput(program.info, StageOutputKind::Mrt, 3) != nullptr &&
	          FindOutput(program.info, StageOutputKind::Mrt, 7) == nullptr &&
	          FindOutput(program.info, StageOutputKind::Depth) == nullptr &&
	          FindOutput(program.info, StageOutputKind::SampleMask) != nullptr,
	      "pixel inputs, disabled exports, or sample-mask-only MRTZ collection "
	      "was wrong");

	Program depth_program;
	depth_program.stage = ShaderType::Pixel;
	depth_program.blocks.resize(1);
	depth_program.blocks[0].instructions = {Export(4, ExportTargetKind::MrtZ, 0, 0x1)};
	Prepare(depth_program);
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(depth_program, {.pixel = &pixel}, &error), error.c_str());
	Check(depth_program.info.outputs.size() == 1 &&
	          FindOutput(depth_program.info, StageOutputKind::Depth) != nullptr &&
	          FindOutput(depth_program.info, StageOutputKind::SampleMask) == nullptr,
	      "depth-only MRTZ export incorrectly enabled sample-mask output");
}

void TestShaderInfoCollectionIsTransactional() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	StageInput sentinel;
	sentinel.kind     = StageInputKind::Parameter;
	sentinel.location = 9;
	program.info.inputs.push_back(sentinel);
	const auto  info = program.info;
	std::string error;
	Check(!CollectShaderInfo(program, {}, &error) &&
	          error.find("not tracked") != std::string::npos && program.info == info &&
	          !program.shader_info_complete,
	      "pre-track shader info collection mutated program state");

	Prepare(program);
	const auto tracked_info      = program.info;
	const auto srt_complete      = program.srt_plan_complete;
	const auto patching_complete = program.srt_patching_complete;
	Check(!CollectShaderInfo(program, {}, &error) &&
	          error.find("requires compute metadata") != std::string::npos &&
	          program.info == tracked_info && !program.shader_info_complete &&
	          program.resource_tracking_complete && program.srt_plan_complete == srt_complete &&
	          program.srt_patching_complete == patching_complete,
	      "missing stage metadata committed incomplete shader info");
	program.stage = ShaderType::Unknown;
	Check(!CollectShaderInfo(program, {}, &error) &&
	          error.find("unsupported shader stage") != std::string::npos &&
	          program.info == tracked_info && !program.shader_info_complete &&
	          program.resource_tracking_complete && program.srt_plan_complete == srt_complete &&
	          program.srt_patching_complete == patching_complete,
	      "unsupported-stage shader info collection was not transactional");
}

void TestShaderInfoMetadataValidation() {
	std::string error;

	Program vertex_program;
	vertex_program.stage = ShaderType::Vertex;
	vertex_program.blocks.resize(1);
	Instruction bad_input;
	bad_input.op                          = Opcode::LoadInputF32;
	bad_input.input_info.attr             = 0;
	bad_input.input_info.chan             = 4;
	vertex_program.blocks[0].instructions = {bad_input};
	Prepare(vertex_program);
	ShaderVertexInputInfo vertex;
	vertex.resources_num   = 1;
	const auto vertex_info = vertex_program.info;
	Check(!CollectShaderInfo(vertex_program, {.vertex = &vertex}, &error) &&
	          error.find("vertex input reference") != std::string::npos &&
	          vertex_program.info == vertex_info && !vertex_program.shader_info_complete,
	      "out-of-range vertex channel produced immutable malformed info");
	vertex.resources_num = -1;
	Check(!CollectShaderInfo(vertex_program, {.vertex = &vertex}, &error) &&
	          error.find("vertex resource count") != std::string::npos &&
	          vertex_program.info == vertex_info && !vertex_program.shader_info_complete,
	      "negative vertex resource count produced immutable malformed info");

	Program pixel_program;
	pixel_program.stage = ShaderType::Pixel;
	pixel_program.blocks.resize(1);
	Prepare(pixel_program);
	ShaderPixelInputInfo pixel;
	pixel.input_num       = 33;
	const auto pixel_info = pixel_program.info;
	Check(!CollectShaderInfo(pixel_program, {.pixel = &pixel}, &error) &&
	          error.find("pixel input count") != std::string::npos &&
	          pixel_program.info == pixel_info && !pixel_program.shader_info_complete,
	      "out-of-range pixel input count produced immutable malformed info");

	Program compute_program;
	compute_program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	compute_program.blocks.resize(1);
	Prepare(compute_program);
	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num  = 4;
	const auto compute_info = compute_program.info;
	Check(!CollectShaderInfo(compute_program, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          error.find("thread ID count") != std::string::npos &&
	          compute_program.info == compute_info && !compute_program.shader_info_complete,
	      "out-of-range compute metadata produced immutable malformed info");
}

void TestTrackingRequiresSrtPatching() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {BufferUse(4, 0)};
	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error), error.c_str());
	const auto source = program.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory.resource_source;
	Check(!TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          error.find("SRT reads were not patched") != std::string::npos &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory.resource_source == source &&
	          !program.resource_tracking_complete,
	      "resource tracking bypassed SRT patch completion");
	Check(PatchSrtReads(program, &error) && TrackResources(program, &error), error.c_str());
}

void TestDynamicSrtReadRemainsExplicit() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
		auto load      = ScalarLoad(i * 4, i, 16, i * 4);
		load.src[0]    = Sgpr(20);
		load.src_count = 1;
		insts.push_back(load);
	}
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(0x40, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImage,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D));
	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(program, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	Check(program.srt.reads.empty() && program.srt.dynamic_reads.size() == 8 &&
	          program.srt_patching_complete,
	      "dynamic SRT offsets were incorrectly assigned fixed flat slots");
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
		Check(insts[i].op == Opcode::SLoadDword &&
		          insts[i].memory.kind == ResourceKind::ScalarBuffer,
		      "dynamic SRT read was rewritten as an immediate flat load");
	}
	Check(TrackResources(program, &error), error.c_str());
}

void TestSrtPatchingFailureIsTransactional() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		insts.push_back(ScalarLoad(i * 4, i, 16, i * 4));
	}
	insts.push_back(BufferUse(0x20, 0));
	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          program.srt.reads.size() == 4,
	      error.c_str());
	insts[0].scalar_value   = ScalarProvenance::Undefined;
	const auto instructions = insts;
	const auto provenance   = program.provenance;
	const auto srt          = program.srt;
	Check(!PatchSrtReads(program, &error) &&
	          error.find("no scalar-load producer") != std::string::npos && insts == instructions &&
	          program.provenance == provenance && program.srt == srt &&
	          !program.srt_patching_complete,
	      "failed SRT patching partially changed the program");
}

void TestScalarMemoryGroupsSnapshotOperands() {
	const auto CheckGroup = [](bool buffer) {
		Program program;
		program.blocks.resize(1);
		auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
			insts.push_back(buffer ? ScalarBufferLoad(4, 16 + i, 4, i * 4)
			                       : ScalarLoad(4, 16 + i, 16, i * 4));
		}
		MakeScalarMemoryGroup(&insts);
		insts.push_back(BufferUse(8, 16));

		std::string error;
		Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
		          program.srt.reads.size() == 4 && PatchSrtReads(program, &error),
		      error.c_str());
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
			Check(insts[i].op == Opcode::LoadSrtDword && insts[i].src[0].imm == i,
			      "overlapping scalar-memory group did not snapshot its operands");
		}
	};
	CheckGroup(false);
	CheckGroup(true);

	const auto CheckOffsetOverlap = [](bool buffer) {
		Program program;
		program.blocks.resize(1);
		auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
			auto load =
			    buffer ? ScalarBufferLoad(4, 20 + i, 4, i * 4) : ScalarLoad(4, 20 + i, 16, i * 4);
			load.src[0]    = Sgpr(20);
			load.src_count = 1;
			insts.push_back(load);
		}
		MakeScalarMemoryGroup(&insts);
		insts.push_back(BufferUse(8, 20));

		std::string error;
		Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
		          program.srt.dynamic_reads.size() == 4 && PatchSrtReads(program, &error),
		      error.c_str());
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
			const auto  value      = insts[i].scalar_value;
			const auto& node       = program.provenance.values[value];
			const auto  offset_arg = buffer ? 4u : 2u;
			Check(program.provenance.values[node.args[offset_arg]].op == ScalarValueOp::UserData &&
			          program.provenance.values[node.args[offset_arg]].imm == 20 &&
			          insts[i].op == (buffer ? Opcode::SBufferLoadDword : Opcode::SLoadDword),
			      "overlapping scalar-memory offset was read after a component write");
		}
	};
	CheckOffsetOverlap(false);
	CheckOffsetOverlap(true);
}

void TestSrtPatchingHandlesGvnAndMoveForwarding() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	for (uint32_t copy = 0; copy < 2; copy++) {
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
			insts.push_back(ScalarLoad(copy * 0x20 + i * 4, copy * 4 + i, 16, i * 4));
		}
	}
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		insts.push_back(Move(0x40 + i * 4, 8 + i, i));
	}
	insts.push_back(BufferUse(0x60, 4));
	insts.push_back(BufferUse(0x64, 8));

	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          program.srt.reads.size() == 4 && PatchSrtReads(program, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
		Check(insts[i].op == Opcode::LoadSrtDword && insts[i].src[0].imm == i % 4,
		      "all producers of a GVN'd SRT read were not patched");
	}
	for (uint32_t i = 8; i < 12; i++) {
		Check(insts[i].op == Opcode::MoveU32,
		      "move forwarding was incorrectly rewritten as an SRT load");
	}
}

void TestSrtPatchingHandlesCfgProducers() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(4);
	program.blocks[0].successors   = {1, 2};
	program.blocks[1].predecessors = {0};
	program.blocks[1].successors   = {3};
	program.blocks[2].predecessors = {0};
	program.blocks[2].successors   = {3};
	program.blocks[3].predecessors = {1, 2};
	for (uint32_t block = 1; block <= 2; block++) {
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
			program.blocks[block].instructions.push_back(
			    ScalarLoad(block * 0x20 + i * 4, i, 16, i * 4));
		}
	}
	program.blocks[3].instructions = {BufferUse(0x60, 0)};

	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          program.srt.reads.size() == 4 && PatchSrtReads(program, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	for (uint32_t block = 1; block <= 2; block++) {
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
			const auto& inst = program.blocks[block].instructions[i];
			Check(inst.op == Opcode::LoadSrtDword && inst.src[0].imm == i,
			      "CFG-equivalent SRT producer was not patched");
		}
	}
}

void TestSrtPatchPlanValidation() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		insts.push_back(ScalarLoad(i * 4, i, 16, i * 4));
	}
	insts.push_back(BufferUse(0x20, 0));
	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error), error.c_str());
	program.srt.reads       = {program.srt.reads[0], program.srt.reads[0]};
	const auto instructions = insts;
	Check(!PatchSrtReads(program, &error) &&
	          error.find("dense value-to-offset bijection") != std::string::npos &&
	          insts == instructions && !program.srt_patching_complete,
	      "duplicate SRT flat slots were accepted or partially patched");

	Program dynamic;
	dynamic.blocks.resize(1);
	dynamic.blocks[0].instructions = {BufferUse(4, 0)};
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(dynamic, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(dynamic, &error), error.c_str());
	dynamic.srt.dynamic_sources = {ScalarProvenance::Undefined};
	Check(!PatchSrtReads(dynamic, &error) &&
	          error.find("invalid dynamic descriptor source") != std::string::npos &&
	          !dynamic.srt_patching_complete,
	      "undefined dynamic descriptor source was accepted");
}

void TestMaterializationSharesReadConstEvaluation() {
	Program program;
	program.stage       = ShaderType::Pixel;
	program.shader_hash = 0x10203040;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
		insts.push_back(ScalarLoad(i * 4, i, 16, i * 4));
	}
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		insts.push_back(MoveImmediate(0x20 + i * 4, 8 + i, 0xa0 + i));
	}
	insts.push_back(
	    ImageUse(0x40, Opcode::ImageSample, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D));
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(0x44, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImage,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D));
	Prepare(program);
	Check(program.info.images.size() == 2 && program.info.samplers.size() == 1,
	      "materialization test did not preserve sampled/storage view topology");
	Check(program.srt.reads.size() == 8 && program.srt_patching_complete,
	      "immediate descriptor reads did not produce a compact SRT patch plan");
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
		Check(insts[i].op == Opcode::LoadSrtDword && insts[i].src_count == 1 &&
		          insts[i].src[0].kind == OperandKind::ImmediateU32 && insts[i].src[0].imm == i &&
		          insts[i].memory.kind == ResourceKind::None,
		      "immediate SRT read was not patched to its dense flat-buffer slot");
	}
	std::string error;
	Check(!PatchSrtReads(program, &error) && error.find("already patched") != std::string::npos,
	      "repeated SRT patching was accepted");

	TestMemory memory;
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memory.words.size(); i++) {
		memory.words[i] = 0x100 + i;
	}
	memory.words[1] |= Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::BufferFormat::k8UNorm) << 20u;
	memory.words[3] |= Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::ImageType::kColor2D) << 28u;
	std::array<uint32_t, 32> user_data {};
	user_data[16] = static_cast<uint32_t>(memory.base);
	user_data[17] = static_cast<uint32_t>(memory.base >> 32u);
	SrtRuntime       runtime {user_data, 0, ReadTestMemory, &memory};
	ResourceSnapshot snapshot;
	error.clear();
	Check(MaterializeResources(program, runtime, snapshot, &error), error.c_str());
	Check(snapshot.buffers.empty() && snapshot.images.size() == 2 &&
	          snapshot.samplers.size() == 1 && snapshot.images[0] == snapshot.images[1],
	      "dense runtime snapshot did not preserve resource order or aliases");
	Check(snapshot.flattened_srt.size() == 8 &&
	          std::equal(snapshot.flattened_srt.begin(), snapshot.flattened_srt.end(),
	                     memory.words.begin()) &&
	          snapshot.user_data == std::vector<uint32_t>(user_data.begin(), user_data.end()),
	      "runtime snapshot omitted flattened SRT or current user data");
	Check(memory.reads == 8, "aliased image views repeated ReadConst evaluation "
	                         "instead of sharing it");
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
		Check(snapshot.images[0].dwords[i] == memory.words[i],
		      "materialized image descriptor contains the wrong dword");
	}
}

void TestInvalidImagesMaterializeAsNull() {
	Program sampled;
	sampled.stage           = ShaderType::Pixel;
	sampled.user_data_count = 8;
	sampled.blocks.resize(1);
	sampled.blocks[0].instructions = {
	    ImageUse(0x40, Opcode::ImageLoad, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D)};
	Prepare(sampled);
	Check(sampled.info.images.size() == 1 && sampled.info.samplers.empty(),
	      "sampled-image normalization test has unexpected resource topology");

	constexpr std::array<uint32_t, 8> stale = {0x00000004, 0x00000004, 0xc0061060, 0x06000514,
	                                           0x20010000, 0xa4580290, 0x00000004, 0x00000001};
	std::string                       error;
	for (uint32_t type = 0; type < 8; type++) {
		auto descriptor = stale;
		descriptor[1] |= Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::BufferFormat::k8UNorm) << 20u;
		descriptor[3]   = (descriptor[3] & 0x0fffffffu) | (type << 28u);
		ResourceSnapshot snapshot;
		Check(MaterializeResources(sampled, {descriptor}, snapshot, &error) &&
		          snapshot.images.size() == 1 &&
		          std::all_of(snapshot.images[0].dwords.begin(), snapshot.images[0].dwords.end(),
		                      [](uint32_t word) { return word == 0; }) &&
		          ValidateResourceSpecialization(sampled, snapshot, &error),
		      error.c_str());
	}

	constexpr std::array<uint32_t, 8> packet = {0xc0071058, 0xe80eeeb8, 0x00000000, 0xffffffff,
	                                            0xffffffff, 0x00000001, 0x00000000, 0x00000113};
	ResourceSnapshot                  packet_snapshot;
	Check(MaterializeResources(sampled, {packet}, packet_snapshot, &error) &&
	          std::all_of(packet_snapshot.images[0].dwords.begin(),
	                      packet_snapshot.images[0].dwords.end(),
	                      [](uint32_t word) { return word == 0; }),
	      "invalid MSAA image words were not normalized to null");

	struct MsaaCase {
		uint32_t base_level;
		uint32_t fragments;
		uint32_t max_mip;
		bool     valid;
	};
	constexpr std::array msaa_cases = {
	    MsaaCase {0, 1, 1, true},  MsaaCase {0, 2, 2, true},  MsaaCase {0, 3, 3, true},
	    MsaaCase {1, 1, 1, false}, MsaaCase {0, 2, 1, false}, MsaaCase {0, 0, 0, false},
	    MsaaCase {0, 4, 4, false},
	};
	constexpr std::array msaa_types = {
	    Prospero::ImageType::kColor2DMsaa,
	    Prospero::ImageType::kColor2DMsaaArray,
	};
	for (const auto type: msaa_types) {
		for (const auto& test: msaa_cases) {
			std::array<uint32_t, 8> msaa {};
			msaa[0] = 1;
			msaa[1] = 36u << 20u;
			msaa[3] = (Prospero::GpuEnumValue(type) << 28u) | (test.base_level << 12u) |
			          (test.fragments << 16u);
			msaa[5] = test.max_mip << 4u;
			ResourceSnapshot msaa_snapshot;
			const auto materialized = MaterializeResources(sampled, {msaa}, msaa_snapshot, &error);
			const auto preserved =
			    materialized &&
			    std::equal(msaa.begin(), msaa.end(), msaa_snapshot.images[0].dwords.begin());
			const auto is_null =
			    materialized && std::all_of(msaa_snapshot.images[0].dwords.begin(),
			                                msaa_snapshot.images[0].dwords.end(),
			                                [](uint32_t word) { return word == 0; });
			Check(materialized && (test.valid ? preserved : is_null),
			      "MSAA image descriptor validity mismatch");
		}
	}

	std::array<uint32_t, 8> invalid_format {};
	invalid_format[0] = 1;
	invalid_format[3] = Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::ImageType::kColor2D) << 28u;
	ResourceSnapshot invalid_format_snapshot;
	Check(MaterializeResources(sampled, {invalid_format}, invalid_format_snapshot, &error) &&
	          std::all_of(invalid_format_snapshot.images[0].dwords.begin(),
	                      invalid_format_snapshot.images[0].dwords.end(),
	                      [](uint32_t word) { return word == 0; }),
	      "invalid-format image descriptor was not normalized to null");

	auto valid = stale;
	valid[1] |= Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::BufferFormat::k8UNorm) << 20u;
	valid[3] =
	    (valid[3] & 0x0fffffffu) | (Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::ImageType::kColor2D) << 28u);
	ResourceSnapshot valid_snapshot;
	Check(MaterializeResources(sampled, {valid}, valid_snapshot, &error) &&
	          std::equal(valid.begin(), valid.end(), valid_snapshot.images[0].dwords.begin()),
	      "valid sampled image descriptor was normalized");

	Program storage;
	storage.stage           = ShaderType::Compute;
	storage.user_data_count = 8;
	storage.blocks.resize(1);
	storage.blocks[0].instructions = {ImageUse(0x40, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImage,
	                                           Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D)};
	Prepare(storage);
	ResourceSnapshot storage_snapshot;
	Check(MaterializeResources(storage, {stale}, storage_snapshot, &error) &&
	          std::all_of(storage_snapshot.images[0].dwords.begin(),
	                      storage_snapshot.images[0].dwords.end(),
	                      [](uint32_t word) { return word == 0; }),
	      "invalid storage image descriptor was not normalized to null");
}

void TestInvalidBuffersMaterializeAsNull() {
	Program program;
	program.stage           = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.user_data_count = 4;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {BufferUse(0x40, 0)};
	Prepare(program);

	constexpr std::array<uint32_t, 4> valid   = {0x0000100c, 0x00100000, 0x00000001, 0x0004dfac};
	auto                              invalid = valid;
	invalid[3] |= 1u << 30u;
	std::string      error;
	ResourceSnapshot snapshot;
	Check(MaterializeResources(program, {invalid}, snapshot, &error) &&
	          std::all_of(snapshot.buffers[0].dwords.begin(),
	                      snapshot.buffers[0].dwords.begin() + 4,
	                      [](uint32_t word) { return word == 0; }),
	      "invalid buffer descriptor was not normalized to null");
	Check(MaterializeResources(program, {valid}, snapshot, &error) &&
	          std::equal(valid.begin(), valid.end(), snapshot.buffers[0].dwords.begin()),
	      "valid buffer descriptor was normalized");
}

void TestMaterializationFailureIsTransactional() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
		insts.push_back(ScalarLoad(i * 4, i, 16, i * 4));
	}
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(0x40, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImage,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D));
	Prepare(program);

	TestMemory memory;
	memory.fail_after = 3;
	std::array<uint32_t, 32> user_data {};
	user_data[16] = static_cast<uint32_t>(memory.base);
	user_data[17] = static_cast<uint32_t>(memory.base >> 32u);
	SrtRuntime       runtime {user_data, 0, ReadTestMemory, &memory};
	ResourceSnapshot snapshot;
	DescriptorValue  sentinel;
	sentinel.dword_count = 1;
	sentinel.dwords[0]   = 777;
	snapshot.images.push_back(sentinel);
	std::string error;
	Check(!MaterializeResources(program, runtime, snapshot, &error) &&
	          error.find("failed at") != std::string::npos && snapshot.images.size() == 1 &&
	          snapshot.images[0].dwords[0] == 777 && snapshot.images[0].dword_count == 1,
	      "failed runtime materialization partially replaced the prior snapshot");
}

void TestResourceSpecializationIsTypedAndTransactional() {
	Program null_program;
	null_program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	null_program.blocks.resize(1);
	null_program.blocks[0].instructions = {
	    ImageUse(0x10, Opcode::ImageLoad, ResourceKind::ImageUint, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim3D)};
	Prepare(null_program);
	ResourceSnapshot null_snapshot;
	null_snapshot.images.resize(1);
	null_snapshot.images[0].dword_count = 8;
	null_snapshot.images[0].dwords[1]   = 0x12345600u;
	null_snapshot.images[0].dwords[2]   = 0x89abcdefu;
	null_snapshot.images[0].dwords[3]   = 0x01234567u;
	std::string error;
	Check(SpecializeResources(null_program, null_snapshot, &error) &&
	          ValidateResourceSpecialization(null_program, null_snapshot, &error) &&
	          null_program.info.images[0].kind == ResourceKind::Image &&
	          null_program.info.images[0].dimension == Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D &&
	          null_program.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory.image_dimension ==
	              Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D,
	      "zero-base image descriptor did not use the canonical null-image shape");

	Program null_atomic;
	null_atomic.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	null_atomic.blocks.resize(1);
	null_atomic.blocks[0].instructions = {ImageUse(0x14, Opcode::AtomicAddU32,
	                                               ResourceKind::StorageImageUint,
	                                               Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1D)};
	Prepare(null_atomic);
	Check(SpecializeResources(null_atomic, null_snapshot, &error) &&
	          ValidateResourceSpecialization(null_atomic, null_snapshot, &error) &&
	          null_atomic.info.images[0].kind == ResourceKind::StorageImageUint &&
	          null_atomic.info.images[0].dimension == Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D,
	      "null image atomic did not preserve its required integer storage type");

	Program array_view;
	array_view.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	array_view.blocks.resize(1);
	array_view.blocks[0].instructions = {
	    ImageUse(0x18, Opcode::ImageLoad, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1D)};
	Prepare(array_view);
	ResourceSnapshot array_snapshot;
	array_snapshot.images.resize(1);
	array_snapshot.images[0].dword_count = 8;
	array_snapshot.images[0].dwords[0]   = 0x1000;
	array_snapshot.images[0].dwords[3] = Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::ImageType::kColor1DArray)
	                                     << 28u;
	Check(SpecializeResources(array_view, array_snapshot, &error) &&
	          array_view.info.images[0].dimension == Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1D &&
	          array_view.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory.image_dimension ==
	              Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1D,
	      "non-array MIMG view did not narrow a 1D-array descriptor");
	auto null_after_1d = array_snapshot;
	null_after_1d.images[0].dwords.fill(0);
	Check(!ValidateResourceSpecialization(array_view, null_after_1d, &error) &&
	          error.find("canonical null specialization") != std::string::npos,
	      "non-null 1D specialization accepted a canonical 2D null descriptor");

	Program cross_family_array;
	cross_family_array.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	cross_family_array.blocks.resize(1);
	cross_family_array.blocks[0].instructions = {ImageUse(
	    0x1c, Opcode::ImageLoad, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2DArray)};
	Prepare(cross_family_array);
	Check(SpecializeResources(cross_family_array, array_snapshot, &error) &&
	          cross_family_array.info.images[0].dimension == Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1DArray &&
	          cross_family_array.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory.image_dimension ==
	              Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1DArray,
	      "array MIMG intent did not produce a 1D-array view");

	Program cross_family_2d_array;
	cross_family_2d_array.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	cross_family_2d_array.blocks.resize(1);
	cross_family_2d_array.blocks[0].instructions = {ImageUse(
	    0x20, Opcode::ImageLoad, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1DArray)};
	Prepare(cross_family_2d_array);
	auto array_2d_snapshot = array_snapshot;
	array_2d_snapshot.images[0].dwords[3] =
	    Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::ImageType::kColor2DArray) << 28u;
	Check(SpecializeResources(cross_family_2d_array, array_2d_snapshot, &error) &&
	          cross_family_2d_array.info.images[0].dimension == Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2DArray,
	      "array MIMG intent did not produce a 2D-array view");

	Program cube_view;
	cube_view.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	cube_view.blocks.resize(1);
	cube_view.blocks[0].instructions = {ImageUse(0x24, Opcode::ImageLoad, ResourceKind::Image,
	                                             Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2DArray)};
	Prepare(cube_view);
	auto cube_snapshot                = array_2d_snapshot;
	cube_snapshot.images[0].dwords[3] = Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::ImageType::kCube) << 28u;
	Check(SpecializeResources(cube_view, cube_snapshot, &error) &&
	          ValidateResourceSpecialization(cube_view, cube_snapshot, &error) &&
	          cube_view.info.images[0].cube &&
	          cube_view.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory.image_cube,
	      "cube descriptor identity did not reach the specialized image and IR");
	auto array_after_cube = cube_snapshot;
	array_after_cube.images[0].dwords[3] =
	    Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::ImageType::kColor2DArray) << 28u;
	Check(!ValidateResourceSpecialization(cube_view, array_after_cube, &error),
	      "2D-array descriptor reused a cube-coordinate specialization");
	auto null_after_cube = cube_snapshot;
	null_after_cube.images[0].dwords.fill(0);
	Check(SpecializeResources(cube_view, null_after_cube, &error) &&
	          ValidateResourceSpecialization(cube_view, null_after_cube, &error) &&
	          !cube_view.info.images[0].cube &&
	          !cube_view.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory.image_cube,
	      "canonical null respecialization retained stale cube-coordinate state");

	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {ImageUse(0x20, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImage,
	                                           Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim3D)};
	Prepare(program);

	ResourceSnapshot snapshot;
	snapshot.images.resize(1);
	snapshot.images[0].dword_count = 7;
	const auto info                = program.info;
	const auto memory              = program.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory;
	error.clear();
	Check(!ValidateResourceSnapshot(program, snapshot, &error) &&
	          error.find("image descriptor 0 has 7 dwords") != std::string::npos,
	      "malformed resource snapshot was accepted");
	Check(!SpecializeResources(program, snapshot, &error) && program.info == info &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[0].memory == memory,
	      "failed resource specialization partially mutated the program");

	snapshot.images[0].dword_count = 8;
	snapshot.images[0].dwords[0]   = 0x1000;
	snapshot.images[0].dwords[1]   = Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::BufferFormat::k32UInt) << 20u;
	snapshot.images[0].dwords[3] =
	    (Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::ImageType::kColor2D) << 28u) | 0x3acu;
	Check(SpecializeResources(program, snapshot, &error), error.c_str());
	const auto& image = program.info.images[0];
	const auto& inst  = program.blocks[0].instructions[0];
	Check(image.kind == ResourceKind::StorageImageUint &&
	          image.dimension == Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D &&
	          image.storage_swizzle == 0x3acu &&
	          inst.memory.kind == ResourceKind::StorageImageUint &&
	          inst.memory.image_dimension == Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D,
	      "runtime descriptor shape and integer format did not specialize dense "
	      "IR");
	auto null_after_uint = snapshot;
	null_after_uint.images[0].dwords.fill(0);
	Check(!ValidateResourceSpecialization(program, null_after_uint, &error) &&
	          error.find("canonical null specialization") != std::string::npos,
	      "non-null integer specialization accepted a non-integer null descriptor");

	auto stale_swizzle = snapshot;
	stale_swizzle.images[0].dwords[3] =
	    (stale_swizzle.images[0].dwords[3] & ~0xfffu) | StorageImageIdentitySwizzle;
	Check(!ValidateResourceSpecialization(program, stale_swizzle, &error) &&
	          error.find("changed swizzle") != std::string::npos,
	      "storage image cache validation ignored a SPIR-V-baked swizzle");

	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	const auto* binding = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::StorageUint2D);
	Check(binding != nullptr && binding->resources == std::vector<uint32_t>({0}) &&
	          FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Storage3D) == nullptr,
	      "specialized image topology did not reach the exact native binding "
	      "group");
}

void TestRuntimeSpecializationCoversBakedBufferAndAddressFields() {
	Program buffer_program;
	buffer_program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	buffer_program.blocks.resize(1);
	buffer_program.blocks[0].instructions = {BufferUse(0, 0)};
	Prepare(buffer_program);

	ResourceSnapshot buffer_snapshot;
	buffer_snapshot.buffers.resize(1);
	buffer_snapshot.buffers[0].dword_count = 4;
	buffer_snapshot.buffers[0].dwords[1]   = (16u << 16u) | (1u << 31u);
	buffer_snapshot.buffers[0].dwords[3] =
	    (Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::BufferFormat::k32UInt) << 12u) | (2u << 21u) |
	    (1u << 23u);
	std::string error;
	Check(SpecializeResources(buffer_program, buffer_snapshot, &error) &&
	          ValidateResourceSpecialization(buffer_program, buffer_snapshot, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	Check(buffer_program.info.buffers[0].packed_stride ==
	              (16u | (1u << 14u) | (2u << 16u) | (1u << 20u)) &&
	          buffer_program.info.buffers[0].descriptor_format ==
	              Prospero::GpuEnumValue(Prospero::BufferFormat::k32UInt),
	      "buffer specialization omitted SPIR-V-baked descriptor fields");
	auto stale_buffer = buffer_snapshot;
	stale_buffer.buffers[0].dwords[1] ^= 4u << 16u;
	Check(!ValidateResourceSpecialization(buffer_program, stale_buffer, &error) &&
	          error.find("buffer descriptor 0") != std::string::npos,
	      "stale buffer stride reused incompatible specialized SPIR-V");

	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(buffer_program, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(buffer_program, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	Check(buffer_program.bindings.user_data_registers == std::vector<uint32_t>({0, 1, 2, 3}),
	      "buffer fixture did not allocate its descriptor user-data roots");
	buffer_snapshot.user_data.resize(4);
	Check(ValidateResourceSpecialization(buffer_program, buffer_snapshot, &error), error.c_str());
	auto truncated_user_data = buffer_snapshot;
	truncated_user_data.user_data.resize(3);
	Check(!ValidateResourceSnapshot(buffer_program, truncated_user_data, &error) &&
	          error.find("user SGPR 3") != std::string::npos,
	      "truncated cache snapshot user-data window was accepted");

	Program based_program;
	based_program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	based_program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto raw                             = ScalarLoad(8, 0, 16, 0);
	raw.memory.offset                    = static_cast<uint32_t>(-4);
	raw.src[0]                           = Sgpr(20);
	raw.src_count                        = 1;
	based_program.blocks[0].instructions = {MoveImmediate(0, 16, 0x1000), MoveImmediate(4, 17, 0),
	                                        raw};
	Prepare(based_program);
	ResourceSnapshot based_snapshot;
	Check(MaterializeResources(based_program, {}, based_snapshot, &error) &&
	          SpecializeResources(based_program, based_snapshot, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	auto relocated = based_snapshot;
	relocated.addresses[0].guest_base += 0x1000;
	relocated.addresses[0].binding_base += 0x1000;
	Check(ValidateResourceSpecialization(based_program, relocated, &error),
	      "relocated based address with identical relative bias changed "
	      "specialization");
	relocated.addresses[0].binding_base++;
	Check(!ValidateResourceSpecialization(based_program, relocated, &error) &&
	          error.find("address resource 0") != std::string::npos,
	      "stale based-address bias reused incompatible specialized SPIR-V");

	Program flat_program;
	flat_program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	flat_program.blocks.resize(1);
	Instruction flat;
	flat.op                             = Opcode::FlatLoadDword;
	flat.memory.kind                    = ResourceKind::Flat;
	flat_program.blocks[0].instructions = {flat};
	Prepare(flat_program);
	ResourceSnapshot flat_snapshot;
	flat_snapshot.addresses        = {{0x11u, 0x10u}};
	flat_snapshot.user_data        = {0xdeadbeefu};
	const auto prior_flat_snapshot = flat_snapshot;
	Check(!MaterializeResources(flat_program, {}, flat_snapshot, &error) &&
	          error.find("requires runtime guest-address translation") != std::string::npos &&
	          flat_snapshot.addresses == prior_flat_snapshot.addresses &&
	          flat_snapshot.user_data == prior_flat_snapshot.user_data,
	      "unbased flat memory without a translator did not fail transactionally");
	SrtRuntime flat_runtime;
	flat_runtime.flat_memory_base = 0x100000000ull;
	Check(MaterializeResources(flat_program, flat_runtime, flat_snapshot, &error) &&
	          SpecializeResources(flat_program, flat_snapshot, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	auto stale_flat = flat_snapshot;
	stale_flat.addresses[0].guest_base += 0x1000;
	stale_flat.addresses[0].binding_base += 0x1000;
	Check(!ValidateResourceSpecialization(flat_program, stale_flat, &error),
	      "unbased flat memory reused an absolute base baked into SPIR-V");
}

void TestTrackedProgramIsImmutable() {
	Program program;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
		insts.push_back(ScalarLoad(i * 4, i, 16, i * 4));
	}
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		insts.push_back(MoveImmediate(0x20 + i * 4, 8 + i, 0xa0 + i));
		insts.push_back(MoveImmediate(0x30 + i * 4, 12 + i, 0xb0 + i));
	}
	insts.push_back(
	    ImageUse(0x50, Opcode::ImageSample, ResourceKind::Image, Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D));
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(0x54, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImage,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D));
	insts.push_back(BufferUse(0x58, 12));
	Prepare(program);
	Check(program.info.buffers.size() == 1 && program.info.images.size() == 2 &&
	          program.info.samplers.size() == 1 && program.info.sampled_pairs.size() == 1,
	      "post-track immutability fixture lacks complete resource topology");

	const auto              provenance        = program.provenance;
	const auto              srt               = program.srt;
	const auto              info              = program.info;
	const auto              srt_complete      = program.srt_plan_complete;
	const auto              tracking_complete = program.resource_tracking_complete;
	const auto              patching_complete = program.srt_patching_complete;
	std::vector<MemoryInfo> memory;
	memory.reserve(insts.size());
	for (const auto& inst: insts) {
		memory.push_back(inst.memory);
	}

	const auto CheckUnchanged = [&]() {
		Check(program.provenance == provenance && program.srt == srt && program.info == info &&
		          program.srt_plan_complete == srt_complete &&
		          program.srt_patching_complete == patching_complete &&
		          program.resource_tracking_complete == tracking_complete &&
		          insts.size() == memory.size(),
		      "rejected post-track pass mutated immutable program state");
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memory.size(); i++) {
			Check(insts[i].memory == memory[i],
			      "rejected post-track pass mutated a dense operand or source handle");
		}
	};

	std::string error;
	Check(!BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) &&
	          error.find("after resource tracking") != std::string::npos,
	      "post-track provenance rebuild was accepted");
	CheckUnchanged();
	Check(!BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          error.find("after resource tracking") != std::string::npos,
	      "post-track SRT rebuild was accepted");
	CheckUnchanged();
}

void TestNativeBindingLayout() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	insts.push_back(BufferUse(4, 48));
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(8, Opcode::ImageSample, ResourceKind::Image,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D, 0, 2));
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(12, Opcode::ImageSample, ResourceKind::Image,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2DArray, 0, 2));
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(16, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImage,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim3D, 4));
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(20, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImageUint,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2DArray, 6));
	Prepare(program);

	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	std::string error;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(program, {.descriptor_set = 3}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	const auto* buffers   = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Buffers);
	const auto* sampled2d = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Sampled2D);
	const auto* sampled_array =
	    FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Sampled2DArray);
	const auto* storage3d = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Storage3D);
	const auto* storage_uint_array =
	    FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::StorageUint2DArray);
	const auto* samplers           = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Samplers);
	const auto* shader_data        = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::UserData);
	const auto  shader_data_dwords = program.bindings.ShaderDataDwords();
	Check(program.bindings.descriptor_set == 3 && buffers != nullptr && sampled2d != nullptr &&
	          sampled_array != nullptr && storage3d != nullptr && storage_uint_array != nullptr &&
	          samplers != nullptr && buffers->binding == 0 && sampled2d->binding == 1 &&
	          sampled_array->binding == 2 && storage3d->binding == 3 &&
	          storage_uint_array->binding == 4 && samplers->binding == 5 &&
	          buffers->resources == std::vector<uint32_t> {0} &&
	          sampled2d->resources == std::vector<uint32_t> {0} &&
	          sampled_array->resources == std::vector<uint32_t> {1} &&
	          storage3d->resources == std::vector<uint32_t> {2} &&
	          storage_uint_array->resources == std::vector<uint32_t> {3} &&
	          samplers->resources == std::vector<uint32_t> {0} &&
	          !program.bindings.user_data_registers.empty() &&
	          program.bindings.buffer_offset_dword == program.bindings.user_data_registers.size() &&
	          program.bindings.buffer_offset_count == 1 &&
	          ((program.bindings.push_constant_size == shader_data_dwords * sizeof(uint32_t) &&
	            shader_data == nullptr) ||
	           (program.bindings.push_constant_size == 0 && shader_data != nullptr &&
	            shader_data->binding == 6)) &&
	          FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::FlattenedSrt) == nullptr &&
	          program.binding_layout_complete,
	      "native binding allocator did not preserve dense typed resource groups");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutOneDimensionalImages() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(8, Opcode::ImageSample, ResourceKind::Image,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1D, 0, 2));
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(12, Opcode::ImageSample, ResourceKind::Image,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1DArray, 0, 2));
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(16, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImage,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1D, 4));
	insts.push_back(ImageUse(20, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImageUint,
	                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim1DArray, 6));
	Prepare(program);

	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	std::string error;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	const auto* sampled = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Sampled1D);
	const auto* sampled_array =
	    FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Sampled1DArray);
	const auto* storage = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Storage1D);
	const auto* storage_uint_array =
	    FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::StorageUint1DArray);
	Check(sampled != nullptr && sampled_array != nullptr && storage != nullptr &&
	          storage_uint_array != nullptr && sampled->resources == std::vector<uint32_t> {0} &&
	          sampled_array->resources == std::vector<uint32_t> {1} &&
	          storage->resources == std::vector<uint32_t> {2} &&
	          storage_uint_array->resources == std::vector<uint32_t> {3},
	      "binding allocator did not preserve first-class 1D image groups");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutExpandsDynamicStorageMips() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto dynamic = ImageUse(8, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImageUint,
	                        Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D, 4);
	dynamic.memory.image_has_mip = true;
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {
	    dynamic, ImageUse(12, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImageUint,
	                      Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D, 6)};
	Prepare(program);

	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	std::string error;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error), error.c_str());
	Check(program.info.images.size() == 2 &&
	          program.info.images[0].mip_mode == ImageMipMode::DynamicStorage,
	      "dynamic storage image was not tracked independently");
	program.info.images[0].mip_levels = 3;
	Check(AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error), error.c_str());
	const auto* storage = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::StorageUint2D);
	Check(storage != nullptr && storage->resources == std::vector<uint32_t>({0, 0, 0, 1}),
	      "dynamic storage mip span overlapped the following logical image");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutSrtAndUserDataOverflow() {
	Program srt;
	srt.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	srt.blocks.resize(1);
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		srt.blocks[0].instructions.push_back(ScalarLoad(i * 4, i, 16, i * 4));
	}
	srt.blocks[0].instructions.push_back(BufferUse(0x20, 0));
	Prepare(srt);
	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	std::string error;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(srt, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(srt, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	const auto* flat = FindBinding(srt.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::FlattenedSrt);
	Check(flat != nullptr && flat->binding == 1 && flat->resources.empty(),
	      "flattened SRT did not receive one native backend binding");

	Program overflow;
	overflow.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	overflow.blocks.resize(1);
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 33; i++) {
		Instruction direct;
		direct.pc        = i * 4;
		direct.op        = Opcode::MoveU32;
		direct.dst.kind  = OperandKind::Register;
		direct.dst.reg   = {RegisterFile::Vector, i};
		direct.src[0]    = Sgpr(i);
		direct.src_count = 1;
		overflow.blocks[0].instructions.push_back(direct);
	}
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(overflow, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(overflow, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(overflow, &error) && TrackResources(overflow, &error) &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(overflow, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(overflow, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	const auto* user_data = FindBinding(overflow.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::UserData);
	Check(overflow.bindings.user_data_registers.size() == 33 &&
	          overflow.bindings.user_data_registers.front() == 0 &&
	          overflow.bindings.user_data_registers.back() == 32 &&
	          overflow.bindings.push_constant_size == 0 && user_data != nullptr &&
	          user_data->binding == 0,
	      "oversized sparse user data was not moved to a descriptor binding");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutGds() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	Instruction append;
	append.op          = Opcode::DsAppend;
	append.memory.kind = ResourceKind::Gds;
	program.blocks[0].instructions.push_back(append);

	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	std::string            error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(program, &error) && TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	const auto* gds = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Gds);
	Check(gds != nullptr && gds->binding == 0 && gds->resources.empty(),
	      "GDS append/consume did not allocate one native storage binding");

	Program lds;
	lds.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	lds.blocks.resize(1);
	append.memory.kind = ResourceKind::Lds;
	lds.blocks[0].instructions.push_back(append);
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(lds, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(lds, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(lds, &error) && TrackResources(lds, &error) &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(lds, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(lds, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	Check(FindBinding(lds.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Gds) == nullptr,
	      "LDS append/consume incorrectly allocated a GDS binding");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutIsTransactional() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	std::string            error;
	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(program, &error) && TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	BindingLayout sentinel;
	sentinel.descriptor_set = 99;
	program.bindings        = sentinel;
	Check(!AllocateBindings(program, {.push_constant_offset = 129}, &error) &&
	          error.find("Vulkan minimum") != std::string::npos && program.bindings == sentinel &&
	          !program.binding_layout_complete,
	      "failed native binding allocation partially changed the program");
	Check(!AllocateBindings(program, {.push_constant_offset = 2}, &error) &&
	          error.find("dword aligned") != std::string::npos && program.bindings == sentinel &&
	          !program.binding_layout_complete,
	      "misaligned push-constant allocation partially changed the program");
	Check(AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error), error.c_str());
	const auto layout = program.bindings;
	Check(!AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error) &&
	          error.find("already allocated") != std::string::npos && program.bindings == layout,
	      "repeated native binding allocation was accepted or mutated layout");

	Program tail;
	tail.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	tail.blocks.resize(1);
	Instruction direct;
	direct.op                   = Opcode::MoveU32;
	direct.dst.kind             = OperandKind::Register;
	direct.dst.reg              = {RegisterFile::Vector, 0};
	direct.src[0]               = Sgpr(0);
	direct.src_count            = 1;
	tail.blocks[0].instructions = {direct};
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(tail, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(tail, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(tail, &error) && TrackResources(tail, &error) &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(tail, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(tail, {.push_constant_offset = 124}, &error) &&
	          tail.bindings.push_constant_size == 4 &&
	          FindBinding(tail.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::UserData) == nullptr,
	      "valid final dword of the guaranteed push-constant range was rejected");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutTracksReachingUserData() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto& insts = program.blocks[0].instructions;
	insts.push_back(Move(0, 100, 4));
	Instruction forwarded;
	forwarded.pc        = 4;
	forwarded.op        = Opcode::MoveU32;
	forwarded.dst.kind  = OperandKind::Register;
	forwarded.dst.reg   = {RegisterFile::Vector, 0};
	forwarded.src[0]    = Sgpr(100);
	forwarded.src_count = 1;
	insts.push_back(forwarded);
	auto sparse          = forwarded;
	sparse.pc            = 8;
	sparse.dst.reg.index = 1;
	sparse.src[0]        = Sgpr(20);
	insts.push_back(sparse);
	insts.push_back(MoveImmediate(12, 101, 7));
	auto constant          = forwarded;
	constant.pc            = 16;
	constant.dst.reg.index = 2;
	constant.src[0]        = Sgpr(101);
	insts.push_back(constant);

	std::string            error;
	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(program, &error) && TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	auto fallback = program;
	Check(AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error) &&
	          program.bindings.user_data_registers == std::vector<uint32_t>({4, 20}) &&
	          program.bindings.push_constant_size == 8 &&
	          FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::UserData) == nullptr,
	      "native user-data map included a temporary or missed sparse roots");
	Check(AllocateBindings(fallback, {.max_push_dwords = 1}, &error) &&
	          fallback.bindings.user_data_registers == std::vector<uint32_t>({4, 20}) &&
	          fallback.bindings.push_constant_size == 0 &&
	          FindBinding(fallback.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::UserData) != nullptr,
	      "max push-dword limit did not move exact sparse user data to storage");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutRejectsUnknownShapeAndBadProvenance() {
	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	std::string error;

	Program image;
	image.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	image.blocks.resize(1);
	image.blocks[0].instructions = {ImageUse(4, Opcode::ImageStore, ResourceKind::StorageImage,
	                                         Decoder::ImageDimension::Dim2D)};
	Prepare(image);
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(image, {.compute = &compute}, &error), error.c_str());
	image.info.images[0].dimension = Decoder::ImageDimension::Unknown;
	image.bindings.descriptor_set  = 77;
	const auto image_layout        = image.bindings;
	Check(!AllocateBindings(image, {}, &error) &&
	          error.find("invalid image binding class") != std::string::npos &&
	          image.bindings == image_layout && !image.binding_layout_complete,
	      "unknown image shape was defaulted or partially allocated");

	Program provenance;
	provenance.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	provenance.blocks.resize(1);
	Instruction direct;
	direct.op                         = Opcode::MoveU32;
	direct.dst.kind                   = OperandKind::Register;
	direct.dst.reg                    = {RegisterFile::Vector, 0};
	direct.src[0]                     = Sgpr(4);
	direct.src_count                  = 1;
	provenance.blocks[0].instructions = {direct};
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(provenance, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(provenance, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(provenance, &error) && TrackResources(provenance, &error) &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(provenance, {.compute = &compute}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	provenance.blocks[0].instructions[0].scalar_sources[0] =
	    static_cast<uint32_t>(provenance.provenance.values.size() + 1);
	provenance.bindings.descriptor_set = 88;
	const auto provenance_layout       = provenance.bindings;
	Check(!AllocateBindings(provenance, {}, &error) &&
	          error.find("invalid scalar provenance reference") != std::string::npos &&
	          provenance.bindings == provenance_layout && !provenance.binding_layout_complete,
	      "malformed per-use provenance was ignored or partially allocated");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutDynamicSrtDoesNotUseFlatBinding() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
		auto load      = ScalarLoad(i * 4, i, 16, i * 4);
		load.src[0]    = Sgpr(20);
		load.src_count = 1;
		program.blocks[0].instructions.push_back(load);
	}
	program.blocks[0].instructions.push_back(BufferUse(0x20, 0));
	Prepare(program);
	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	std::string error;
	Check(program.srt.reads.empty() && program.srt.dynamic_reads.size() == 4 &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	Check(program.bindings.user_data_registers == std::vector<uint32_t>({16, 17, 20}) &&
	          FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::FlattenedSrt) == nullptr,
	      "dynamic-only SRT reads were flattened or lost reaching user data");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutTracksRawScalarMemoryBase() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto load      = ScalarLoad(0, 0, 16, 0);
	load.src[0]    = Sgpr(20);
	load.src_count = 1;
	Instruction consume;
	consume.pc                     = 4;
	consume.op                     = Opcode::MoveU32;
	consume.dst.kind               = OperandKind::Register;
	consume.dst.reg                = {RegisterFile::Vector, 0};
	consume.src[0]                 = Sgpr(0);
	consume.src_count              = 1;
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {load, consume};

	std::string            error;
	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          program.srt.reads.empty() && program.srt.dynamic_reads.empty() &&
	          PatchSrtReads(program, &error) && TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	const auto* address_memory =
	    FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::AddressMemory);
	Check(program.blocks[0].instructions[0].op == Opcode::SLoadDword &&
	          program.bindings.user_data_registers == std::vector<uint32_t>({16, 17, 20}) &&
	          FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::FlattenedSrt) == nullptr &&
	          address_memory != nullptr &&
	          address_memory->resources == std::vector<uint32_t>({0}) &&
	          program.info.addresses.size() == 1 &&
	          program.info.addresses[0].kind == ResourceKind::ScalarBuffer,
	      "ordinary raw scalar memory omitted its implicit base or offset roots");
}

void TestRawScalarMemoryTracksReachingBaseIdentity() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	auto first                     = ScalarLoad(8, 0, 16, 0);
	first.memory.offset            = static_cast<uint32_t>(-4);
	first.src[0]                   = Sgpr(20);
	first.src_count                = 1;
	auto second                    = ScalarLoad(20, 1, 16, 0);
	second.src[0]                  = Sgpr(20);
	second.src_count               = 1;
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {
	    MoveImmediate(0, 16, 0x1000),  MoveImmediate(4, 17, 0),  first,
	    MoveImmediate(12, 16, 0x2000), MoveImmediate(16, 17, 0), second};

	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) && BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) &&
	          PatchSrtReads(program, &error) && TrackResources(program, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	Check(program.info.addresses.size() == 2 &&
	          program.info.addresses[0].source != program.info.addresses[1].source &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[2].memory.resource == 0 &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[5].memory.resource == 1,
	      "raw scalar loads with redefined SBASE collapsed to one address "
	      "resource");

	std::array<uint32_t, 64> user_data {};
	user_data[20] = 4;
	ResourceSnapshot snapshot;
	Check(MaterializeResources(program, {user_data}, snapshot, &error), error.c_str());
	Check(snapshot.addresses.size() == 2 && snapshot.addresses[0].guest_base == 0x1000 &&
	          snapshot.addresses[0].binding_base == 0x0ffc &&
	          snapshot.addresses[1].guest_base == 0x2000 &&
	          snapshot.addresses[1].binding_base == 0x2000,
	      "runtime snapshot lost per-use raw scalar base values");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutUsesExplicitFlatMemory() {
	Program program;
	program.stage = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	Instruction load;
	load.op                        = Opcode::FlatLoadDword;
	load.memory.kind               = ResourceKind::Flat;
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {load};
	Prepare(program);

	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	std::string error;
	Check(CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	const auto* flat = FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::AddressMemory);
	Check(flat != nullptr && flat->resources == std::vector<uint32_t>({0}) &&
	          program.info.addresses.size() == 1 &&
	          program.info.addresses[0].kind == ResourceKind::Flat &&
	          FindBinding(program.bindings, DescriptorBindingKind::Buffers) == nullptr,
	      "flat address space was aliased to an ordinary buffer descriptor group");

	ResourceSnapshot snapshot;
	SrtRuntime       runtime;
	runtime.flat_memory_base = 0x1234567887654000ull;
	Check(MaterializeResources(program, runtime, snapshot, &error) &&
	          snapshot.addresses.size() == 1 &&
	          snapshot.addresses[0].guest_base == 0x1234567887654000ull &&
	          snapshot.addresses[0].binding_base == 0x1234567887654000ull,
	      "unbased flat virtual address space lost its runtime binding base");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutHonorsUserDataCount() {
	Program program;
	program.stage           = ShaderType::Compute;
	program.user_data_count = 8;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
		Instruction direct;
		direct.pc        = i * 4;
		direct.op        = Opcode::MoveU32;
		direct.dst.kind  = OperandKind::Register;
		direct.dst.reg   = {RegisterFile::Vector, i};
		direct.src[0]    = Sgpr(7 + i);
		direct.src_count = 1;
		program.blocks[0].instructions.push_back(direct);
	}
	std::string            error;
	ShaderComputeInputInfo compute;
	compute.thread_ids_num = 1;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) &&
	          program.provenance.values[program.blocks[0].instructions[0].scalar_sources[0]].op ==
	              ScalarValueOp::UserData &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[1].scalar_sources[0] == ScalarProvenance::Unknown &&
	          BuildSrtPlan(program, &error) && PatchSrtReads(program, &error) &&
	          TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(program, {.compute = &compute}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error) &&
	          program.bindings.user_data_registers == std::vector<uint32_t>({7}),
	      "stage user-data count did not bound provenance roots");

	Program invalid;
	invalid.user_data_count = 65;
	invalid.blocks.resize(1);
	Check(!BuildScalarProvenance(invalid, &error) && error.find("exceeds 64") != std::string::npos,
	      "out-of-range stage user-data count was accepted");
}

void TestNativeBindingLayoutHonorsUserDataBase() {
	Program program;
	program.stage           = ShaderType::Vertex;
	program.user_data_base  = 8;
	program.user_data_count = 8;
	program.blocks.resize(1);
	program.blocks[0].instructions = {Move(0, 20, 7), Move(4, 21, 8), Move(8, 22, 15),
	                                  Move(12, 23, 16), BufferUse(16, 8)};

	std::string error;
	Check(BuildScalarProvenance(program, &error) &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[0].scalar_sources[0] == ScalarProvenance::Unknown &&
	          program.provenance.values[program.blocks[0].instructions[1].scalar_sources[0]].op ==
	              ScalarValueOp::UserData &&
	          program.blocks[0].instructions[3].scalar_sources[0] == ScalarProvenance::Unknown &&
	          BuildSrtPlan(program, &error),
	      error.c_str());

	const std::array<uint32_t, 8> user_data = {0x11111111, 0x22222222, 0x33333333, 0x44444444,
	                                           0,          0,          0,          0xaaaaaaaa};
	DescriptorValue               descriptor;
	const auto source = program.blocks[0].instructions.back().memory.resource_source;
	Check(EvaluateDescriptorSource(program, source, 16, {user_data}, descriptor, &error) &&
	          descriptor.dwords[0] == user_data[0] && descriptor.dwords[3] == user_data[3],
	      "vertex user-data base was not translated to runtime-local indices");

	ShaderVertexInputInfo vertex;
	Check(PatchSrtReads(program, &error) && TrackResources(program, &error) &&
	          CollectShaderInfo(program, {.vertex = &vertex}, &error) &&
	          AllocateBindings(program, {}, &error),
	      error.c_str());
	Check(program.bindings.user_data_registers == std::vector<uint32_t>({8, 9, 10, 11, 15}),
	      "native binding plan did not retain physical shifted user-SGPR indices");
}

void TestTextureNullDescriptorUsesAddressBits() {
	ShaderTextureResource texture;
	const uint32_t        captured[8] = {0x00000000, 0xc3800000, 0x0059c09f, 0x91b00fac,
	                                     0x00000000, 0x00700000, 0x00000000, 0x00000000};
	std::copy(std::begin(captured), std::end(captured), std::begin(texture.fields));
	Check(texture.IsNull(),
	      "zero-address image with populated metadata was not classified as null");
	texture.fields[0] = 1;
	Check(!texture.IsNull(), "nonzero image base address was classified as null");
}

} // namespace

int main() {
	const char* current = "startup";
#define RUN(test)                                                                                  \
	current = #test;                                                                               \
	test()
	try {
		RUN(TestDenseBufferPatching);
		RUN(TestScalarAndVectorBufferAlias);
		RUN(TestBufferImageAliasIsLinkedDuringTracking);
		RUN(TestImagesAndSamplers);
		RUN(TestDynamicPhiResource);
		RUN(TestTrackingRequiresCompletedSrtPlan);
		RUN(TestCyclicResourceIsRejected);
		RUN(TestUnknownSourceFailsWithoutPatching);
		RUN(TestResourceLimitFailsTransactionally);
		RUN(TestComputeShaderInfoCollection);
		RUN(TestVertexShaderInfoCollection);
		RUN(TestPixelShaderInfoCollection);
		RUN(TestShaderInfoCollectionIsTransactional);
		RUN(TestShaderInfoMetadataValidation);
		RUN(TestTrackingRequiresSrtPatching);
		RUN(TestDynamicSrtReadRemainsExplicit);
		RUN(TestSrtPatchingFailureIsTransactional);
		RUN(TestScalarMemoryGroupsSnapshotOperands);
		RUN(TestSrtPatchingHandlesGvnAndMoveForwarding);
		RUN(TestSrtPatchingHandlesCfgProducers);
		RUN(TestSrtPatchPlanValidation);
		RUN(TestMaterializationSharesReadConstEvaluation);
		RUN(TestInvalidImagesMaterializeAsNull);
		RUN(TestInvalidBuffersMaterializeAsNull);
		RUN(TestMaterializationFailureIsTransactional);
		RUN(TestResourceSpecializationIsTypedAndTransactional);
		RUN(TestRuntimeSpecializationCoversBakedBufferAndAddressFields);
		RUN(TestTrackedProgramIsImmutable);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayout);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutOneDimensionalImages);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutExpandsDynamicStorageMips);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutSrtAndUserDataOverflow);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutGds);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutIsTransactional);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutTracksReachingUserData);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutRejectsUnknownShapeAndBadProvenance);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutDynamicSrtDoesNotUseFlatBinding);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutTracksRawScalarMemoryBase);
		RUN(TestRawScalarMemoryTracksReachingBaseIdentity);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutUsesExplicitFlatMemory);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutHonorsUserDataCount);
		RUN(TestNativeBindingLayoutHonorsUserDataBase);
		RUN(TestTextureNullDescriptorUsesAddressBits);
		std::cout << "ResourceTrackingTests: all cases passed\n";
		return 0;
	} catch (const std::exception& e) {
		std::cerr << "ResourceTrackingTests: " << current << " failed: " << e.what() << '\n';
		return 1;
	}
#undef RUN
}